Do It Again Elevation Collective Chords

Containment structure for unit number 4 at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine

Chernobyl New Rubber Confinement
Новий чорнобильський саркофаг
The New Safe Confinement at Chernobyl Nuclear Ability Found in its concluding position over the damaged reactor 4 in October 2017
Location of the NSC, near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine
Alternative names	New Shelter
General data
Condition	Operational
Type	Containment structure
Location	Chernobyl Nuclear Power Establish
Town or urban center	Pripyat
Land	Ukraine
Coordinates	51°23′21″Due north xxx°05′36″E  /  51.3893°N 30.0932°E  / 51.3893; 30.0932 Coordinates: 51°23′21″North 30°05′36″E  /  51.3893°North 30.0932°Due east  / 51.3893; thirty.0932
Construction started	September 2010
Completed	July 2019
Toll	€2.i billion
Client	Government of Ukraine
Superlative	108 metres (354.3 ft)[one]
Dimensions
Weight	31000 t [2]
Other dimensions	Span 260 metres (853.0 ft), external length 165 metres (541.3 ft)[2]
Technical details
Structural system	Arch-shaped lattice, clad with sandwich panels
Material	Steel, with polycarbonate inner panels
Design and construction
Main contractor	Novarka with l/50 partners Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics also as Mammoet for conveyance
Website
https://world wide web.chnpp.gov.ua/en/

The New Safe Confinement (NSC or New Shelter, rarely Arka) is a structure put in place in 2016 to confine the remains of the number 4 reactor unit of measurement at the Chernobyl Nuclear Ability Plant, in Ukraine, which was destroyed during the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The structure also encloses the temporary Shelter Structure (sarcophagus) that was congenital effectually the reactor immediately after the disaster. The New Safe Confinement is designed to prevent the release of radioactive contaminants, protect the reactor from external influence, facilitate the disassembly and decommissioning of the reactor, and prevent water intrusion.^[1]

The New Prophylactic Confinement is a megaproject that is part of the Shelter Implementation Plan and supported past the Chernobyl Shelter Fund. It was designed with the primary goal of confining the radioactive remains of reactor iv for the next 100 years.^[3] Information technology also aims to allow for a fractional demolition of the original sarcophagus, which was hastily constructed by Chernobyl liquidators afterwards a beyond design-footing blow destroyed the reactor.^[4]

The word confinement is used rather than the traditional containment to emphasize the divergence between the containment of radioactive gases—the principal focus of most reactor containment buildings—and the confinement of solid radioactive waste, which is the primary purpose of the New Safe Confinement.^[5]

In 2015, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Evolution (EBRD) stated that the international community was aiming to close a €100 one thousand thousand funding gap, with administration by the EBRD in its office as manager of the Chernobyl decommissioning funds. The full cost of the Shelter Implementation Plan, of which the New Safe Confinement is the most prominent element, is estimated to be around €2.xv billion (The states$2.3 billion). The New Prophylactic Confinement accounts for €1.v billion.^[6]

The French consortium Novarka with partners Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics designed and built the New Safe Confinement.^[7] Construction was completed at the end of 2018.^{[eight] [1]}

Legacy structure [edit]

The original shelter, formally referred to as the Shelter Structure and frequently called the sarcophagus, was constructed between May and Nov 1986. Information technology was an emergency measure to confine the radioactive materials within reactor iv at the Chernobyl nuclear power institute. The shelter was constructed nether extreme conditions, with very high levels of radiations, and under farthermost fourth dimension constraints. The Shelter Structure was moderately successful in confining radioactive contamination and providing for post-accident monitoring of the destroyed nuclear reactor unit; it has been estimated that up to 95% of the original radioactive inventory of reactor 4 remains inside the ruins of the reactor edifice.^[9]

The Shelter Structure is primarily supported by the damaged remains of the reactor 4 building. These are largely considered to be structurally unsound every bit a consequence of explosive forces caused by the accident. Three major structural members back up the roof of the Shelter Structure. Ii beams, normally referred to as B-1 and B-2, run in an east-west direction and support the roof beams and panels. A third, more massive member, the "Mammoth Axle", spans the largest distance across the roof from east to westward and assists in supporting the roof beams and panels. The roof of the shelter consists of 1 metre (3 ft iii in) diameter steel pipes laid horizontally due north to south, and steel panels that rest at an angle, also in the north-southward direction.

The Shelter Structure was never intended to be a permanent containment structure.^[ten] Its connected deterioration has increased the risk of its radioactive inventory leaking into the surroundings. Betwixt 2004 and 2008, workers stabilized the roof and western wall of the shelter. Notwithstanding, construction of the New Safe Solitude was necessary to go on circumscribed the radioactive remains of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Constitute reactor 4.

Farther upgrades to the expanse in grooming for New Safe Confinement construction were completed in 2010. These included road and rail connections, site services (power, water, drains, and communications), facilities for workers (including medical and radiation protection facilities), and the installation of a long-term monitoring organisation.^[11]

International pattern competition [edit]

In 1992, Ukraine's government held an international competition for proposals to supplant the sarcophagus.^[12]

In the fall of 1992, Design Group Partnership (DGP) of Manchester was invited to assist the Atomic Energy Say-so (AEA) for the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's submission for the international competition organized by the Ukrainian government.

DGP's senior direction was assembled to generate a solution. David Haslewood suggested an arch, built off-site, and then slid over the existing Soviet-built sarcophagus considering:

• Off-site construction would minimize radiation doses of construction workers.
• An curvation would fit snugly over the damaged reactor excluding its chimney.
• An curvation would be easier to slide than a square box.

Of the 394 entries, only the British submission proposed a sliding arch arroyo.^[13] There was no acme design option, but the French submission came as second all-time with the Britain and German language proposals coming joint 3rd.

Later on, a pan-European study (the TACIS program) re-examined the proposals of the contest'due south superlative 3 finalists. The study selected the sliding arch concept as the best solution for their further investigations and recommendations, primarily to reduce the run a risk of the structure workers receiving a harmful dose of radiation. The French consortium named Novarka somewhen won the contract for the concluding sliding arch design.

On 17 September 2007 Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics announced that they won the contract to design and build the New Safe Confinement as 50/50 partners of the French consortium Novarka. The original 432 1000000 euros contract comprises the design and construction of the New Rubber Solitude and planned to employ 900 people at its peak.^[vii]

The project has involved workers and specialists from at least 24 countries in addition to Ukraine.^[14]

Structural blueprint [edit]

Infographics about the New Rubber Confinement

The New Safe Confinement design is an arch-shaped steel structure with an internal height of 92.5 metres (303.5 ft) and a 12-metre (39.4 ft) altitude between the centers of the upper and lower arch chords. The internal bridge of the arch is 245 metres (803.8 ft), and the external span is 270 metres (885.83 ft). The dimensions of the arch were determined based on the need to operate equipment inside the new shelter and decommission the existing shelter. The overall length of the construction is 150 metres (492.1 ft), consisting of 13 arches assembled 12.five metres (41 ft) autonomously to class 12 bays. Vertical walls assembled around, merely non supported by the existing structures of the reactor edifice seal the ends of the structure.

The arches are synthetic of tubular steel members and are externally clad with 3-layer sandwich panels. These external panels are likewise used on the end walls of the structure. Internally, polycarbonate panels cover each arch to prevent the accumulation of radioactive particles on the frame members.

Large parts of the arches were shop-fabricated and transported to the assembly site 180 metres (590 ft) west of reactor iv. Each of the steel tubes is made of high-strength steel to reduce cost and assembly weight. The steel used in the construction of the tubular members has a yield strength of no less than 2,500 kg/cm² (250 MPa; 36,000 psi).

To forestall corrosion of the construction, stainless steel was chosen as the material for the inner and outer walls. An ac organisation likewise circulates warm, dry air at l Pa between the layers of the panels to further forbid corrosion. Dehumidifiers keep the air below twoscore% humidity, preventing both condensation and water from dripping into the interior of the construction.^{[15] [16]}

Design goals [edit]

The New Prophylactic Confinement was designed with the following criteria:

• Convert the destroyed Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant reactor four into an environmentally rubber organization (i.e., confine the radioactive materials at the site to prevent further environmental contamination).
• Reduce corrosion and weathering of the existing shelter and the reactor 4 building.
• Mitigate the consequences of a potential collapse of either the existing shelter or the reactor 4 building, specially in terms of confining the radioactive dust that would be produced past such a collapse.
• Enable safe demolition of unstable structures (such as the roof of the existing shelter) past providing remotely operated equipment for their demolition.
• Authorize equally a nuclear entombment device.

Foundation design [edit]

The foundations of the New Prophylactic Solitude were designed to run into the primary requirements:

• They must support the weight of the arches of the New Safe Solitude.
• They must back up rail tracks across which the New Prophylactic Confinement can coil 180 metres (590 ft) from the construction site into identify over reactor four.
• They must minimize the corporeality of digging and cutting into the upper layers of the ground, as the upper soil is heavily contaminated with nuclear textile from the disaster.

The site of the New Safe Confinement is slightly sloped, ranging in elevation from 117.5 metres (385 ft) on the eastern side to 144 metres (472 ft) on the western side. The foundation was required to account for this difference without extensive site leveling.

The ground upon which the foundation was congenital is unique in that it contains a technogenic layer just beneath the surface that is approximately 2.5 to 3 metres (eight to 10 ft) in overall depth. Radioactive contamination from the accident created the technogenic layer. It consists of various materials including nuclear material, stone, sand, loamy sands, unreinforced concrete, and construction wastes. Information technology is considered unfeasible to make up one's mind the geotechnical characteristics of this soil layer. As a event of this, no assumptions about the load-bearing properties of the technogenic layer were made during the design of the foundation.

The water table at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant fluctuates from 109.9 metres (360.6 ft) on average in December to 110.7 metres (363.2 ft) on boilerplate in May.

Several options were considered for the foundation design for the New Safe Confinement. Ultimately, the final design was specified as consisting of three lines of two iv.fifty-past-1.00-metre (14.76 by iii.28 ft) foundation panels, each 21 metres (68.nine ft) in length, and a 4-metre (thirteen.i ft) loftier pile cap that reaches to a acme of 118 metres (387 ft) of elevation. This selection was selected to minimize the cost of the foundation, the number of cuts into radioactive soil layers, dose uptake of workers, and risk to the environs from farther contamination. The foundation has a slight acme difference between the area in which the New Prophylactic Confinement was constructed and the final resting area around reactor iv.

Special consideration was necessary for the excavation required for foundation construction due to the high level of radioactivity constitute in the upper layers of soil. The conceptual designers of the New Safe Confinement recommended the use of rope operated grabs for the first 0.3 metres (xi.8 in) of pile digging for the Chernobyl site. This reduced the direct exposure of workers to the most contaminated sections of the soil. Deeper excavation for the foundation piles were accomplished using hydraulic clam shells operated under bentonite slurry protection.

The foundation is designed to withstand horizontal dispatch structural loads of up to 0.08 g, besides as to withstand an F3 tornado. The original design for the construction required it to withstand an F1 tornado until an contained beyond-pattern-basis assay was carried out to evaluate the furnishings of an F3 tornado on the construction.

Associates process [edit]

The system used in the assembly of the New Safe Solitude derived from civilian bridge launching and bridge cantilever methods. The New Condom Confinement was assembled in the following steps:

1. Stabilization of the Shelter Structure to prevent plummet during construction.
2. Digging and structure of the foundation.
3. Associates of start and 2d arches to form Bay one, installation of e wall on arch 1.
4. Bay one was slid East to accommodate the construction of arch 3 and Bay 2.
5. Subsequent sliding of the complete structure and adding of arches and bays to complete the structure.
6. Installation of cranes and large maintenance equipment.
7. Installation of the west wall.
8. Final slide into place over reactor 4.^[viii]
9. Deconstruction of the fragmentation, decontamination, and auxiliary buildings. (planned)

This process of assembly was deemed advantageous because it took advantage of the designed mobility of the structure to maximize the distance between workers and the reactor building, thereby minimizing their exposure to radiation.

As each bay was completed, infrastructure equipment—including that for ventilation systems, radiation monitoring, plumbing, and electrical was installed.

Positioning [edit]

The New Safe Solitude was constructed 180 metres (590 ft) w of reactor four, and slid into place. Sliding of the structure along foundation runway was a difficult process. It was pushed on Teflon pads by hydraulic pistons, and guided by lasers.^[17] As of 2018^[update], the New Safe Confinement is the earth'due south largest movable land-based structure.^{[18] [nineteen] [xx]}

Two options were initially considered for moving the structure: hydraulic jacks to push button the structure forwards, or pulling the structure with large, multi-stranded steel cables. The commencement option would crave the relocation of the hydraulic jacks afterwards each push. This process would necessitate more worker interaction with the organization and a greater worker exposure to radiation. The second option was initially chosen because information technology would expose workers to a lower radiation dose, and would have moved the structure into its final position in less than 24 hours. Withal, the structure was moved using hydraulic jacks, starting time the 327-metre (one,073 ft) motility on November fourteen, 2016, and finishing on November 29.^{[8] [19]}

Demolition of existing structures [edit]

The operational phase of the New Safe Confinement involves the demolition of the unstable structures associated with the original Shelter Structure. The goal of demolition has imposed meaning requirements upon the load carrying capacity of the arches and foundation of the New Safe Confinement, every bit these structures must carry the weight of not merely the disassembled structure, but besides the suspended cranes to exist used in sabotage.

Demolition equipment [edit]

The New Safe Confinement design includes two bridge cranes suspended from the arches^[21]. These cranes travel due east to west on common runways and each has a span of 84 metres (276 ft).

Each crane can deport a diversity of interchangeable carriages. Three types of carriages accept been designed for the New Prophylactic Confinement:

• One typical lifting carriage with a 50-tonne (55-ton) conveying chapters.^[22]
• One secure lifting wagon for shielded transportation of personnel, with a 50-tonne (55-ton) carrying capacity.^[22]
• One carriage suspends a mobile tool platform, extending upward to 75 metres (246 ft), that tin can be fitted with a variety of end actuators useful for demolition.

The cranes' carriage interchangeability allows the rotation of the largest members to exist demolished, reducing the overall size of the New Condom Solitude by approximately one arch bay.

Later the members to be demolished are removed by crane they must exist fragmented into pieces small enough to decontaminate. It is expected that the primary contamination of about demolished elements will be loose surface dust and can easily exist removed. Decontamination will take place using vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters, grit blasting (for steel elements), and scarifying (for concrete elements). In one case decontaminated to the maximum extent practical, pieces will be further fragmented for eventual disposal. Fragmentation tools include plasma arc cut torches, diamond round cutting wheels, and diamond wire cut. The tools selected for the demolition process were selected based on a number of factors including minimization of individual and collective radiations exposure, the amount of secondary waste generated, the feasibility of remote performance, the cut efficiency, burn prophylactic, majuscule toll and operating costs.

The verbal methods for disposing of wastes generated by the demolition process accept not been determined, and may include on-site burial outside the New Prophylactic Confinement for low-level waste, and long-term storage within the New Safe Confinement for medium and high-level wastes. Every bit of 2018^[update], no policy has been decided for the disposal and processing of fuel containing materials.

Elements to exist demolished [edit]

The following elements of the Shelter Structure are planned for demolition:

Chemical element	Quantity	Mass of each (tonnes)	Length of each (meters)	Length of each (feet)
Southern roof flat panels	6	31	28.vii	94.2
Southern roof flat panels	6	16	28.seven	94.2
Southern hockey stick panels	12	38	25.five	83.7
Mammoth axle	one	127	70	229.7
Northern beam B1	1	65	55	180.4
Southern axle B1	one	65	55	180.four
Northern hockey stick panels	xviii	9	18	59.1
Eastern hockey stick panels	one	vii.25	vii	23.0
Light roof	6	21	36	118.i
Piping roof	27	20	36	118.1
Northern beam B2	one	57	xl	131.ii
Southern beam B2	ane	57	40	131.2
Full	85	1944.25

Types of materials to be demolished [edit]

The elements that are to be demolished fall into several broad textile types:

• Steel
  • Apartment (roof panels)
  • Three-dimensional (pipes, trusses, beams)
• Reinforced physical
  • Pre-bandage
  • Cast in identify
• Debris
  • Fragments of steel structures and equipment
  • Fragments of reinforced concrete structures
  • Materials added afterwards the Chernobyl accident to mitigate its consequences.

Waste storage [edit]

For the removal and storage of nuclear waste material within the New Prophylactic Confinement area, the strategies for removing waste is split into 3 systems.^[23] Disposal of solid nuclear waste product had the Vector Radioactive Waste product Storage Facility^[24] congenital near to the Chernobyl site, consisting of the Industrial Complex for Solid Radwaste Management (ICSRM),^[25] a nuclear waste storage site. Information technology is being constructed by Nukem Technologies, a High german nuclear decommissioning company, a subsidiary of the Russian Atomstroyexport. This storage is reported to exist able to contain 75,000 cubic metres (98,000 cubic yards) of material.^{[26] [27]} The storage is for both temporary high level waste too as low and intermediate level long-term waste matter storage.^{[28] [29]}

The Plant on Liquid Radwaste Management (PLRWM) was constructed to remove, store, and process liquid nuclear waste from the Chernobyl site. ^{[30] [31]} Processed liquid is turned into solid waste material in 200-L barrels where it tin can then be stored long-term, at a charge per unit of 2,500 cubic meters a year.^[32]

Spent fuel is stored long-term in the Spent Fuel Storage Facility.^{[33] [xxx]} 232 storage containers of radioactive waste can be stored in the facility for an expected 100 years.^[34]

Worker safety and radioactive exposure [edit]

Even with the distance given from the main reactor during construction of the New Prophylactic Confinement, construction workers were still discipline to radiation. Before the slippage procedure began, construction workers may only have been able to stay on the site for thirty minutes at a fourth dimension due to radiations.^[35] The physical foundation reduced radiation to workers when assembling the structure, and workers were given decontaminated housing during construction.^[36]

Radioactive dust in the shelter is monitored past hundreds of sensors.^[15] Workers in the 'local zone' carry two dosimeters, ane showing real-time exposure and the 2nd recording information for the worker's dose log.^[37] Workers take a daily and annual radiation exposure limit. Their dosimeter beeps if the limit is reached and the worker's site access is cancelled.^[37] The annual limit (20 millisieverts) may be reached by spending 12 minutes above the roof of the 1986 sarcophagus, or a few hours around its chimney.^[14] Workers are required to also check their radiation exposure earlier they leave the New Safe Confinement as an additional measurement for safety.^[38]

To minimize radiations to workers when working inside of the New Prophylactic Confinement, many robots and tools are used to interact with objects inside the shelter remotely. The two installed span cranes can be operated from within an isolated control room, which allows for demolition to occur without posing risk to any operators.^[22] For the radiations mapping that occurs inside the New Prophylactic Confinement, robots accept been deployed in both areas of high contamination where humans cannot enter and replacing routes that operators would usually take.^{[39] [40]} Boston Dynamics' Spot model has been implemented in areas of college radiation to provide very detailed radiations mapping without causing boosted radiations spikes by minimizing contact points with radiated surfaces.^[39] Without posing risk to workers, the implemented systems were able to look inside reactor 4, deep within the New Safe Confinement.^[41]

Projection timeline and status [edit]

There has been concern almost Ukraine's ability to properly maintain the New Safe Solitude, with Deputy projection manager Victor Zalizetskyi stating that "It looks similar Ukraine volition be left alone to deal with this structure"^[42]

Then-planned completion date

Year	Planned completion
	2005
June 2003	February 2008
2009	2012
February 2010	2013[43]
April 2011	Summer 2015.[half-dozen]
November 2016	November 2017
December 2017	December 2018

The New Safe Confinement was originally intended to be completed in 2005, merely the projection has suffered lengthy delays.

Major project milestones include:

March 2004

An international tender for New Safe Confinement design and structure was appear. Ii bid candidates were identified, but in September 2006 the constitute's general manager Ihor Hramotkyn appear his intent to annul all bids on the project.^[44]

September 17, 2007

The project contract was signed, with French consortium Novarka [de] (consisting of Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Construction as l/l partners) constructing the 190 by 200 metres (620 by 660 feet) arch structure. Structure costs were estimated at $1.4bn with a projection fourth dimension of five years.^[45] The estimated time for completion was given as 53 months, including eighteen months of planning and design studies, with a projected completion in mid-2012.^[seven]

2009

Progress was made with stabilization of the existing sarcophagus, which was so considered stable enough for another 15 years.

September 2010

Novarka began construction.^[46]

Apr 2011

Some project milestones, including infrastructure and preparatory work such every bit the New Safe Confinement pilings, were completed.^[6]

April 2012

Steel erection began.^[37]

November 26, 2012

The beginning sections were raised.^{[47] [48]}

June 13, 2013

The second lifting operation on the eastern arch was performed.

April 2014

The fully lifted eastern arch was moved 112 metres (367 anxiety) eastward on its runway to a parking position to clear the construction surface area for edifice the western curvation.

Baronial iv, 2014

The western arch completed the 2nd of three lifting operations which raised the height of the arch.

November 12, 2014

Successfully completed the third ascension of the western part arches.

April 2015

The two arches were fused, and the west wall was under construction.

Apr 2016

Structure of the arches was completed.^[49]

Nov fourteen, 2016

The arch slipping procedure began.^[19]

Nov 29, 2016

The New Safe Solitude slipping was completed, taking a total of fifteen days.^[l] Information technology was pushed on Polytetrafluoroethylene pads by hydraulic pistons, guided by lasers.^[17]

Nov 2017

Evolution visitor Rodina began the construction on the start PV project to be developed inside the Chernobyl exclusion zone. 3,762 solar modules would exist installed at the site with a generation chapters of 1 MW.^[51]

December 2017

Construction completion is delayed until belatedly 2018 due to a contractor being unable to finish its work in time.^[52] The reason is the extremely high level of radiation, forcing workers to limit their presence at the site to a minimum.^[53]

January 2019

Various subsystems are in operation, including the radiation monitoring system, the back-upwardly ability supply arrangement, the burn protection arrangement, besides as lighting, communication, and HVAC.^[54]

April 25, 2019

Successful determination of the 72-hour trial operation test.^[55]

July 2019

Structure on the €1.v billion structure is completed and the sarcophagus is opened to media visits on July 3.^{[56] [57]} On July 10, government officials, including Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, attended a ceremony where the transfer of ownership of the New Safe Confinement was given to the Ukrainian government.^[55]

February 24, 2022

During the principal invasion of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces subsequently captured Chernobyl.^[58] While there was a increase in radiation in the area, this was due to Russian forces agonizing the soil in the Red Woods and releasing radioactive dust and not from the Chernobyl reactor iv itself.^[59] The New Safe Solitude was reportedly unharmed.^[60]

March 31, 2022

Russian forces left Chernobyl and the New Safe Confinement.^[61]

• 

  The New Condom Solitude (NSC) under construction in 2013

• 

  A panorama view of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in June 2013. The NSC structure surface area is the arch on the left-paw side

• 

  The NSC nether construction in April 2015

• 

  Construction in Apr 2015

• 

  Construction in March 2016

• 

  The NSC nearing completion in October 2016

• 

  Nearing completion in Oct 2016

• 

  NSC placed over reactor four of Chernobyl nuclear power institute as of September 2017, with the monument to the constructors of the sarcophagus in the foreground

Responsible organizations [edit]

The European Banking company for Reconstruction and Evolution (EBRD) is responsible for managing the Shelter Implementation Program, including overseeing the construction of the New Safe Confinement.^[62]

Run into also [edit]

• Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Chernobyl's New Safe Confinement". European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . Retrieved May 31, 2018.
2. ^ ^{a b} "Transforming Chernobyl brochure". EBRD. March eleven, 2015. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
3. ^ "Chernobyl's New Safe Confinement". world wide web.ebrd.com . Retrieved September 2, 2020.
4. ^ "Contract for early on Chernobyl dismantling work signed : Waste product & Recycling - World Nuclear News". world-nuclear-news.org . Retrieved September 2, 2020.
5. ^ "Chernobyl's New Rubber Solitude". www.ebrd.com . Retrieved November 28, 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Reiserer, Axel (Apr 8, 2011). "NOVARKA and Chernobyl Project Direction Unit of measurement ostend cost and time schedule for Chernobyl New Safety Solitude". European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved Baronial 16, 2011.
7. ^ ^{a b c} "Vinci and Bouygues sign contract to build Containment Shelter for the Chernobyl Sarcophagus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October two, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
8. ^ ^{a b c} "Unique engineering feat concluded as Chernobyl curvation has reached resting place". European Bank for Reconstruction and Evolution. Nov 29, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
9. ^ Vidal, John (Apr 19, 2011). "Ukraine raises $785m to seal Chernobyl nether new 'beat'". The Guardian . Retrieved March 2, 2018.
10. ^ Inside Chernobyl'due south Mega Tomb, http://www.windfallfilms.com/show/6894/within-chernobyls-mega-tomb.aspx
11. ^ "Chernobyl 25 years on: New Condom Confinement and Spent Fuel Storage Facility" (PDF). European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. January 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
12. ^ International Contest, 1992 - Ukraine Authorities
13. ^ Smith, Stuart; Lacombe, Herve (February 1997). "A 2nd shelter for Chernobyl: Its necessity and feasibility". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 120 (1): 2–fourteen. doi:10.1680/icien.1997.29157.
14. ^ ^{a b} Meo, Nick (Nov 26, 2013). "Chernobyl'due south arch: Sealing off a radioactive sarcophagus". BBC News.
15. ^ ^{a b} Excell, John (February 11, 2013). "Building Chernobyl's New Condom Confinement". The Engineer.
16. ^ "New Safe Containment Project Cuts Corrosion Risk at Chernobyl". world wide web.materialsperformance.com . Retrieved May 1, 2022.
17. ^ ^{a b} "Chernobyl New Safe Solitude: a one-of-a-kind project" (PDF). Vinci SA. Nov 29, 2016. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr 25, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
18. ^ "Chernobyl Shelter To Begin Full Operation In December, Says Ukraine President". world wide web.nucnet.org. The Contained Global Nuclear News Agency. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
19. ^ ^{a b c} "Chernobyl disaster: Giant shield begins motion towards reactor". BBC News. Nov xiv, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
20. ^ Borys, Christian (Jan 3, 2017). "A vast new tomb for the most unsafe waste in the earth". BBC Time to come Now . Retrieved March 2, 2018.
21. ^ "Chernobyl New Safe Confinement (NSC), Ukraine". Ability Technology . Retrieved May 6, 2022.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Parameswaran, North. A. (Vijay); Chornyy, Igor; Owen, Rob; de Saint Victor, François (September eight, 2013). "Unique and Massive Chernobyl Cranes for Deconstruction Activities in the New Rubber Confinement". Volume ii: Facility Decontamination and Decommissioning; Environmental Remediation; Environmental Management/Public Interest/Crosscutting Issues/Global Partnering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. doi:10.1115/icem2013-96346. ISBN978-0-7918-5602-4.
23. ^
24. ^ "News". Delegation of the European Union to Ukraine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved July 31, 2008. ^{[ meliorate source needed ]}
25. ^ "Industrial Circuitous For Solid Radwaste Management (ICSRM) at Chernobyl Nuclear Powerplant" (PDF). Nukem Technologies. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on December iii, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.
26. ^ Gache, Gabriel (April 25, 2008). "Chernobyl Receives Nuclear Waste product Processing Complex". Softpedia.com.
27. ^ "Nuclear waste product storage inaugurated in Chernobyl". Eu Business organisation. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008.
28. ^ Tokarevskyi, O.; Alekseeva, Z.; Kondratiev, S.; Rybalka, N. (November 2013). Safe issues in construction of facilities for long-term storage of nuclear waste at Vector site (PDF). Eurosafe Forum 2013. Cologne, Federal republic of germany. inis..RN:45021661. Retrieved Jan 12, 2018.
29. ^ Lee, William E.; Ojovan, Michael I.; Jantzen, Carol M. (Oct 31, 2013). Radioactive waste Management and Contaminated Site Clean-Up: Processes, Technologies and International Feel. Elsevier Science. pp. 404–406. ISBN978-0-85709-744-6.
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Farther reading [edit]

• Schmieman, Eric; Wrona, Matthew; et al. (2004). Conceptual Design of the Chornobyl New Safe Confinement— An Overview (PDF). Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2011.
• "Chornobyl: V-Year Schedule set for New Safe Confinement Over Wrecked Unit". June 9, 2003. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008.
• Project Implementation Stage 2 from Chernobyl Nuclear Ability Plant
• SIP Project Summary Certificate from The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

External links [edit]

• Official website: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
• Description of the New Safety Solitude. Blueprint of the new protective shield under Sarcophagus.
• Chernobyl 25 years on on YouTube European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Computer rendered video of the construction procedure, Novarka, Oct 2009 archived at Ghostarchive.org on half-dozen May 2022
• Nov 2014, Chernobyl Story on CBS 60 minutes
• New Safe Solitude site live photographic camera
• Unique engineering feat concluded equally Chernobyl arch has reached resting place on YouTube showing of New Safe Confinement being slid into position, 14–29 November 2016, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development channel archived at Ghostarchive.org on 6 May 2022

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_New_Safe_Confinement

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